Confidentiality is an ethical principle associated with several professions (e.g., medicine, law, psychotherapy). In ethics, and (in some places) in law and alternative forms of legal resolution such as mediation, some types of communication between a person and one of these professionals are "privileged" and may not be discussed or divulged to third parties.

Confidentiality of information, enforced in an adaptation of the military's classic "need to know" principle, forms the cornerstone of information security in today's corporations. The so called 'confidentiality bubble' restricts information flows, with both positive and negative consequences.

Legal confidentiality

Lawyers are often required by law to keep confidential anything pertaining to the representation of a client. The duty of confidentiality is much broader than the attorney-client evidentiary privilege, which only covers ''communications'' between the attorney and the client.

Both the privilege and the duty serve the purpose of encouraging clients to speak frankly about their cases. This way, lawyers will be able to carry out their duty to provide clients with zealous representation. Otherwise, the opposing side may be able to surprise the lawyer in court with something which he did not know about his client, which may weaken the client's position. Also, a distrustful client might hide a relevant fact which he thinks is incriminating, but which a skilled lawyer could turn to the client's advantage (for example, by raising affirmative defenses like self-defense).

However, most jurisdictions have exceptions for situations where the lawyer has reason to believe that the client may kill or seriously injure someone, may cause substantial injury to the financial interest or property of another, or is using (or seeking to use) the lawyer's services to perpetrate a crime or fraud.

In such situations the lawyer has the discretion, but not the obligation, to disclose information designed to prevent the planned action. Most states have a version of this discretionary disclosure rule under Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.6 (or its equivalent).

A few jurisdictions have made this traditionally discretionary duty mandatory. For example, see the New Jersey and Virginia Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.6.

In some jurisdictions the lawyer must try to convince the client to conform his or her conduct to the boundaries of the law before disclosing any otherwise confidential information.

Note that these exceptions generally do not cover crimes that have already occurred, even in extreme cases where murderers have confessed the location of missing bodies to their lawyers but the police are still looking for those bodies. The U.S. Supreme Court and many state supreme courts have affirmed the right of a lawyer to withhold information in such situations. Otherwise, it would be impossible for any criminal defendant to obtain a zealous defense.

California is famous for having one of the strongest duties of confidentiality in the world; its lawyers must protect client confidences at "every peril to himself or herself." Until an amendment in 2004, California lawyers were not even permitted to disclose that a client was about to commit murder.

Recent legislation in the UK curtails the confidentiality professionals like lawyers and accountants can maintain at the expense of the state. Accountants, for example, are required to disclose to the state any suspicions of fraudulent accounting and, even, the legitimate use of tax saving schemes if those schemes are not already known to the tax authorities.

History of the English law of confidentiality

The modern English law of confidence stems from the judgment of the Lord Chancellor, Lord Cottenham, in which he restrained the defendant from publishing a catalogue of private etchings made by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert (Prince Albert v Strange).

However, the jurisprudential basis of confidentiality remained largely unexamined until the case of ''Saltman Engineering Co. Ltd. v Campbell Engineering Co. Ltd.'', in which the Court of Appeal upheld the existence of an equitable doctrine of confidence, independent of contract.

In ''Coco v A.N.Clark (Engineers) Ltd'' [1969] R.P.C. 41, Megarry J developed an influential tri-partite analysis of the essential ingredients of the cause of action for breach of confidence: the information must be confidential in quality, it must be imparted so as to import an obligation of confidence, and there must be an unauthorised use of that information to the detriment of the party communicating it.

The law in its then current state of development was authoritatively summarised by Lord Goff in the Spycatcher case. He identified three qualifications limiting the broad general principle that a duty of confidence arose when confidential information came to the knowledge of a person (the confidant) in circumstances where he had notice that the information was confidential, with the effect that it would be just in all the circumstances that he should be precluded from disclosing the information to others. First, once information had entered the public domain, it could no longer be protected as confidential. Secondly, the duty of confidence applied neither to useless information, nor to trivia. Thirdly, the public interest in the preservation of a confidence might be outweighed by a greater public interest favouring disclosure.

The incorporation into domestic law of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights by the Human Rights Act 1998 has since had a profound effect on the development of the English law of confidentiality. Article 8 provides that everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. In ''Campbell v MGN Ltd'', the House of Lords held that the Daily Mirror had breached Naomi Campbell’s confidentiality rights by publishing reports and pictures of her attendance at Narcotics Anonymous meetings. Although their lordships were divided 3-2 as to the result of the appeal and adopted slightly different formulations of the applicable principles, there was broad agreement that, in confidentiality cases involving issues of privacy, the focus shifted from the nature of the relationship between claimant and defendant to (a) an examination of the nature of the information itself and (b) a balancing exercise between the claimant’s rights under Article 8 and the defendant’s competing rights (for example, under Article 10, to free speech).

It presently remains unclear to what extent and how this judge-led development of a partial law of privacy will impact on the equitable principles of confidentiality as traditionally understood.

Medical confidentiality

Confidentiality is commonly applied to conversations between doctors and patients. Legal protections prevent physicians from revealing certain discussions with patients, even under oath in court. This physician-patient privilege only applies to secrets shared between physician and patient during the course of providing medical care.

The rule dates back to at least the Hippocratic Oath, which reads: ''Whatever, in connection with my professional service, or not in connection with it, I see or hear, in the life of men, which ought not to be spoken of abroad, I will not divulge, as reckoning that all such should be kept secret.''

Traditionally, medical ethics has viewed the duty of confidentiality as a relatively non-negotiable tenet of medical practice.

Confidentiality is mandated in America by HIPAA laws, specifically the Privacy Rule, and various state laws, some more rigorous than HIPAA. However, numerous exceptions to the rules have been carved out over the years. For example, many American states require physicians to report gunshot wounds to the police and impaired drivers to the Department of Motor Vehicles. Confidentiality is also challenged in cases involving the diagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease in a patient who refuses to reveal the diagnosis to a spouse, and in the termination of a pregnancy in an underage patient, without the knowledge of the patient's parents. Many states in the U.S. have laws governing parental notification in underage abortion.

Clinical and counseling psychology

The ethical principle of confidentiality requires that information shared by the client with the therapist in the course of treatment is not shared with others. This is important for the therapeutic alliance, as it promotes an environment of trust. There are important exceptions to confidentiality, namely where it conflicts with the clinician's duty to warn or duty to protect. This includes instances of suicidal behavior or homicidal plans, child abuse, elder abuse and dependent adult abuse.

See also

References

Category:Applications of cryptography Category:Journalism sourcing Category:Secrecy Category:Professional ethics

ar:السرية de:Verschwiegenheitspflicht es:confidencialidad eo:Konfidenceco fr:Confidentialité it:confidenzialità nl:Beroepsgeheim no:Taushetsplikt ja:機密 pl:Poufność pt:confidencialidade sr:Професионална тајна fi:Vaitiolovelvollisuus sv:Tystnadsplikt ru:Конфиденциальность th:การรักษาความลับ uk:Конфіденційність

Name	Gail Kim
Names	Gail KimLa Felina
Alt	An Asian female with dark hair wearing a dark blue top posing for a picture.
Height
Weight
Birth date	February 20, 1977
Birth place	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Resides	Tampa, Florida
Billed	Tampa, FloridaToronto, Ontario, CanadaKorea
Trainer	Ron HutchinsonRob EtcheverriaFit Finlay
Debut	December 2000
Website	http://www.thegailkim.com/ }}

Gail Kim (born February 20, 1977) is a Canadian professional wrestler of Korean descent, who is currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where she is the current TNA Women's Knockout Champion. She is also known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where she won the WWE Women's Championship in her first match.

She began her career wrestling as La Felina on the Canadian independent circuit, before joining WWE in 2002 as Gail Kim. In her WWE debut match, she won the WWE Women's Championship. After being released by WWE in 2004, Kim joined TNA in September 2005. There, she joined the tag team America's Most Wanted as their valet. After the dissolution of the group, Kim performed as a singles wrestler, eventually going on to become the inaugural TNA Women's Knockout Champion in October 2007. She later left TNA in August 2008, to return to WWE three months later, making her televised return in March 2009. She announced on August 5, 2011 that she had quit WWE via her Twitter account. The following October she returned to TNA.

Personal life

Gail Kim was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on February 20, 1977. Kim majored in kinesiology at the University of Toronto before transferring to Ryerson University and changing her major to nutrition. Prior to signing with WWE, Kim undertook breast augmentation surgery. After signing, she had her implants enlarged. While performing for WWE, one of her implants ruptured, which resulted in her being sidelined for two weeks.

Kim is set to marry celebrity chef Robert Irvine in the spring of 2012. The couple met on the set of ''Dinner: Impossible''.

Professional wrestling career

Canadian independent circuit (2000–2002)

After obtaining her degree from Ryerson University, Kim decided to become a professional wrestler and joined Ron Hutchinson's "School of Pro Wrestling" in Toronto. She received supplementary training from Rob Etchevarria at the "Squared Circle Pro Wrestling Gym". She debuted in December 2000, wearing a mask and wrestling as "The Queen of the Cats" La Felina in the Southern Ontario-based Apocalypse Wrestling Federation. She, however, was eventually unmasked by Tracy Brooks in a "Mask versus Hair" match. Kim worked on the Canadian independent circuit for two years, wrestling for promotions such as Border City Wrestling.

World Wrestling Entertainment (2002–2004)

Kim was introduced to World Wrestling Federation (WWF) employee Nora Greenwald (known on-screen as Molly Holly) by Jason Sensation in 2001; Greenwald encouraged Kim to send her videos and tapes to WWF officials, which eventually led to her contract. In October 2002, she was hired by the WWF, now renamed World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). She spent eight months training in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) and appearing in house shows and dark matches before being called up to the main roster. After several weeks of vignettes showcasing ''Matrix''-like effects aired on ''Raw'', Kim debuted on June 30 as a fan favorite, with a ''Matrix''-inspired outfit.

Her first televised WWE match was a seven-woman battle royal in Buffalo, New York on the June 30, 2003 episode of ''Raw'' with the WWE Women's Championship, then held by an injured Jazz, on the line. Kim won the match by lastly eliminating Victoria. Kim held the title for four weeks, before losing it to Molly Holly on the July 28, 2003 episode of ''Raw''. Subsequently, Kim formed an alliance with Holly to take on Trish Stratus, who was later assisted by Lita. At WWE's Unforgiven PPV event on September 21, 2003, Stratus and Lita defeated Kim and Holly in a tag match. The four women continued to feud until November, when Kim was sidelined with a broken right collarbone. Kim returned to ''Raw'' in April 2004 and immediately reforged her alliance with Holly. At WWE's Bad Blood PPV event on June 13, 2004, she faced Lita, Stratus, and Victoria in a Fatal Four-Way for the WWE Women's Championship, which was won by Stratus.

Kim participated in a battle royal on October 19, 2004 at WWE's Taboo Tuesday PPV event, which was won by Stratus. She, however, was released by WWE on November 3, 2004 as a result of cost cutting. Kim was caught off guard by her release and was told that management wanted to take the women's division in a new direction.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling

America's Most Wanted (2005–2007)

Following her release and the expiration of her 90-day no-compete clause, Kim made sporadic appearances on the independent circuit, including at Michigan's All World Wrestling League and in Japan. She also competed in Korea and Mexico before being signed by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) promotion on September 6, 2005. She made her TNA debut on the October 8, 2005 episode of TNA's television program ''TNA Impact!'', aligning herself with Jeff Jarrett and America's Most Wanted (AMW) (Chris Harris and James Storm) and taking on the role of AMW's and Jarrett's manager. Kim made her in-ring debut on July 16, 2006 at TNA's Victory Road PPV event in a Six Man Mixed Tag Team match with AMW against A.J. Styles, Christopher Daniels, and Sirelda. However, her team ended up on the losing end of the contest. At TNA's Hard Justice PPV event on August 13, 2006, Kim defeated Sirelda in a standard wrestling match.

In early 2007 after the dissolution of AMW, Kim began a more active role as an in-ring competitor in TNA. This began with an on-screen feud with her former alliance, Storm, and his new manager Jacqueline. The first encounter between the group was on February 11, 2007 at TNA's Against All Odds PPV event in a Mixed Tag Team match, which Kim and her partner, Petey Williams, lost. On March 11, 2007 at TNA's Destination X PPV event, Storm and Jacqueline won a rematch against Williams and Kim in a Double Bullrope match. Kim went on to defeat Jacqueline in a Six Sides of Steel cage match on April 15, 2007 at TNA's Lockdown PPV event. Their feud came to an end on the May 3, 2007 episode of ''TNA Impact!'', when Kim defeated Moore under street fight rules.

Singles competition (2007–2008)

After the conclusion to her feud with Moore, Kim made two minor TNA PPV appearances before outlasting nine other competitors in a ten-woman gauntlet match to crown the first TNA Women's World Champion on October 14, 2007 at TNA's Bound for Glory PPV event. She made her first title defense on November 11 at TNA's Genesis PPV event; there she successfully retained the now renamed TNA Women's Knockout Championship by defeating Roxxi Laveaux, ODB, and Angel Williams. Kim then began a feud with Awesome Kong over the championship. Their first encounter occurred on December 2 at TNA's Turning Point PPV event, which resulted in Kim retaining due to a disqualification by Kong. On January 6, 2008 at TNA's Final Resolution PPV event, Kim defeated Kong in their second encounter to retain the championship under no disqualification rules. In their third and final encounter in the main event of the January 10 episode of ''TNA Impact!'', Kong defeated Kim to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship.

During the January 24 episode of ''TNA Impact!'', Kim was awarded the 2007 TNA Knockout of the Year award. Kim competed in a three way match on March 9 at TNA's Destination X PPV event against Kong and ODB, which Kong won. On April 13 at TNA's Lockdown PPV event, she teamed with ODB to defeat the team of Raisha Saeed and Kong in a tag team match. On May 11 at TNA's Sacrifice PPV event, Kim won a TNA Knockouts Makeover Battle Royal, which involved a battle royal and then a ladder match, to become new one contender TNA Women's Knockout Championship. Kim competed for the championship on the May 15 episode of ''TNA Impact!'', however failed to win the title. At TNA's Slammiversary PPV event on June 8 Kim teamed with ODB and Roxxi to defeat The Beautiful People (Angelina Love and Velvet Sky) and Moose in a six woman tag team match. Kim defeated Love on July 13 at TNA's Victory Road PPV event. Kim then teamed with ODB and Taylor Wilde to defeat the team of Kong and The Beautiful People on August 10 at TNA's Hard Justice PPV event in her last TNA PPV match. Kim's final TNA match aired on the August 21 episode of ''TNA Impact!'' in a losing effort to Kong under street fight rules. Kim left TNA in mid-August 2008 after the terms of her contract expired.

Return to World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE (2008–2011)

After her contract expired with TNA, Kim re-signed with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in late-2008. She made her return on the March 27 episode of ''SmackDown'', when she interrupted a WWE Divas Championship match between Michelle McCool and Maryse by attacking both competitors. Kim made her in-ring return on the March 30 episode of ''Raw'' on the winning team of an 18-Diva tag team match. She made her first WrestleMania appearance when she 25-Diva Miss WrestleMania battle royal on April 5, 2009 at WWE's WrestleMania XXV. On the April 17 episode of ''SmackDown'', Kim defeated then-Divas Champion Maryse. This earned her a championship match the following week, which she failed to win.

On the June 29 episode of ''Raw'', Kim was traded to the Raw brand as part of a 15 wrestler tri-branded trade between Raw, SmackDown, and ECW. A few weeks later on the August 10 episode of ''Raw'', she gained another Divas title shot by winning a Fatal 4-Way match, that also involved Beth Phoenix, Kelly Kelly, and Alicia Fox, to become number one contender. She was unsuccessful in winning the championship on the August 17 episode of ''Raw'', when she faced then-champion Mickie James. At the Bragging Rights pay per-view on October 25, Kim, with Melina and Kelly Kelly, represented Raw in a losing effort to Michelle McCool, Beth Phoenix, and Natalya, representing SmackDown. Kim was on the winning side of a five-on-five Survivor Series Elimination match on November 22 at the Survivor Series pay per-view.

In early 2010, a tournament was held for the newly vacated Divas Championship. Kim defeated Jillian Hall and Fox to make it to the finals, where she faced Maryse for the vacant title. The finals were held on the February 22 episode of ''Raw'', which Maryse won to become the new champion. The finals were originally to be held on February 21 at the Elimination Chamber pay per-view, but the match was changed to the team of Maryse and Kim versus Team Lay-Cool (McCool and Layla), which was won by the latter thanks to Maryse abandoning Kim during the match. Kim was a part of the losing side of a 10-Diva tag team match at WWE's WrestleMania XXVI PPV event on March 28. At the Fatal 4-Way pay per-view on June 20 Kim challenged for the Divas Championship in a Fatal 4-Way match that also involved then-champion Eve, Maryse, and Fox; however, Fox won the contest.

In early 2011, Gail Kim became the on-screen girlfriend of Daniel Bryan and began accompanying him to the ring. At that time Bryan was managed by The Bella Twins and after they discovered Daniel Bryan kissing his new girlfriend, Gail Kim backstage, they assaulted her. On January 30 at the Royal Rumble, the Bella Twins once again assaulted Kim. On the following night on ''Raw'', Gail was at ring side during Daniel Bryan's match against Tyson Kidd. After the match, the Bellas entered the ring, Nikki slapped Bryan and Gail attacked her.

On the August 1 episode of ''Raw'', Kim participated in a Battle Royal to determine the number one contender for the Divas Championship, however, shortly after the match began, she eliminated herself. She later explained that WWE had instructed her to get herself eliminated from the match within the first minute, so she decided to take the easy way out and just eliminate herself. On August 5, Gail Kim announced on her Twitter page that she had quit the WWE following the incident. Kim later indicated that WWE did not grant her release, but would instead force her to stay with the promotion for the remainder of her contract. Kim's WWE.com profile was removed on September 30, indicating that she had officially left the company. Kim later stated in an interview with ''The Sun'' that she was not happy with her time in WWE due to feeling that she was being held back, while also vowing never to re-sign with the promotion.

Return to TNA Wrestling (2011–present)

Kim returned to TNA on the October 20 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', attacking TNA Women's Knockout Champion Velvet Sky and aligning herself with Karen Jarrett and Madison Rayne, thus establishing herself as a villain. On the October 27 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Jarrett named Kim the number one contender to Sky's title, before she went on to defeat Tara in her first match back with the promotion. On the November 3 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Kim and Rayne defeated TnT (Brooke Tessmacher and Tara) to win the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship. The following week they made their first title defense, defeating Mickie James and Velvet Sky. On November 13 at TNA's Turning Point PPV event, Kim defeated Velvet Sky to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship for the second time, making her a double champion. She made her first title defense on December 11 at TNA's Final Resolution PPV event, defeating Mickie James, following interference from Madison Rayne. On the December 29 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Kim retained her title against James following another interference from Rayne. On the January 5 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Kim and Rayne retained their tag team title against James and Traci Brooks. Three days later at Genesis, Kim defeated James via disqualification to retain the Women's Knockout Championship. On February 12 at Against All Odds, Kim successfully defended the Women's Knockout Championship against Tara in a match, during which Madison Rayne walked out on her Knockouts Tag Team Championship partner. On the following episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Rayne won a battle royal to became the number one contender to Kim's TNA Women's Knockout Championship. In the following weeks, tension between Kim and Rayne began to be teased with the two negatively interfering in each other's matches. On the March 8 episode of ''Impact Wrestling'', Kim and Rayne lost the Knockouts Tag Team Championship to Eric Young and ODB. On March 18 at Victory Road, Kim successfully defended the Women's Knockout Championship against Rayne. On April 15 at Lockdown, Kim defeated Velvet Sky in a steel cage match to retain her title.

Other media

Kim posed topless for a cell phone ad campaign in South Korea. In 2007, Kim was listed on ''Forbes''' top 40 list of "America's Most Eligible Bachelorettes". In 2009, Kim was a part of the cast of the independent psychological thriller entitled ''Royal Kill''. On October 13, 2011, Gail Kim, along with The Miz, John Morrison, Kofi Kingston, and Eve Torres appeared on a special WWE edition of Family BrainSurge.

In wrestling

Finishing moves

''Christo'' / ''Flying Dragon'' (Tilt-a-whirl headscissors armbar)

''Eat Defeat'' (Inverted stomp facebreaker) – 2009–present

''Happy Ending'' (Straight jacket neckbreaker slam) – TNA; used as a signature move in WWE

Hurricanrana pin – WWE; 2002–2004

Over the shoulder back to belly piledriver – TNA

Signature moves

Diving leg drop

Dragon sleeper

Missile front dropkick

Over the shoulder single leg boston crab

Springboard arm drag

''Toronto Slam'' (Double leg slam)

Managers

Karen Jarrett

Wrestlers managed

America's Most Wanted (Chris Harris and James Storm)

*Molly Holly

Jeff Jarrett

Eve Torres

Daniel Bryan

Entrance themes

"International Woman" by Dara Shindler (WWE; 2002–2004)

"Unstoppable" by Dale Oliver (TNA; 2005–2008, 2011)

"Strong and Sexy" by Jim Johnston (WWE; 2009–2011)

"Puppet on a String" by Dale Oliver

Championships and accomplishments

Apocalypse Wrestling Federation

Diva of the Year (2001)

Funking Conservatory

FC Women's Championship (1 time)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated

PWI ranked her #3 of the best 50 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling

TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Madison Rayne

TNA Women's Knockout Championship (2 times, current)

Knockout of the Year (2007)

World Wrestling Entertainment

WWE Women's Championship (1 time)

Lucha de Apuesta record

{|class="wikitable sortable" width=100% |- !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=5%|Wager !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Winner !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Loser !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Location !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=15%|Date !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Notes |----- align="center" |Hair || Gail Kim || Roxxi Laveaux || Orlando, Florida, United States || ||Hair vs. Hair ladder match, held at TNA Sacrifice |}

References

External links

TNA profile

Online World of Wrestling profile

Twitter page

Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:Canadian expatriates in the United States Category:Canadian film actors Category:Canadian female professional wrestlers Category:Canadian people of Korean descent Category:Sportspeople from Ontario Category:People from Tampa, Florida Category:People from Toronto Category:Professional wrestling managers and valets Category:Ryerson University alumni Category:Article Feedback 5

ca:Gail Kim de:Gail Kim es:Gail Kim fr:Gail Kim it:Gail Kim nl:Gail Kim ja:ゲイル・キム pl:Gail Kim pt:Gail Kim ru:Ким, Гейл simple:Gail Kim th:เกล คิม tr:Gail Kim vi:Gail Kim

name	Tab Hunter
birth name	Arthur Andrew Kelm
birth date	July 11, 1931
birth place	New York, United States
occupation	Actor, writer, singer
years active	1952–1996
partner	Allan Glaser (1982–present)
website	http://www.tabhunter.com }}

Tab Hunter (born Arthur Andrew Kelm; July 11, 1931) is an American actor, singer, former teen idol and author who has starred in over forty major films.

Background

Hunter was born in New York to Charles Kelm and Gertrude Gelien. His parents were German immigrants - his father Jewish and his mother Lutheran. Hunter's father was an abusive man and within a few years of his birth, his parents divorced and his mother moved with her two sons to California. She reassumed her maiden surname Gelien and changed her sons' name to that as well. As a teenager Hunter was a figure skater, competing in both singles and pairs, and a horseback rider.

He joined the Coast Guard at the age of fifteen, lying about his age to enlist. While in the Coast Guard he gained the nickname "Hollywood" for his penchant for watching movies rather than going to bars while on liberty.

In later years Hunter's mother was institutionalized and underwent shock treatments, and he supported her financially until her death.

Career

Arthur Gelien was given the stage name "Tab Hunter" by his first agent, Henry Willson. His good looks landed him a role in the film ''Island of Desire'' opposite Linda Darnell. However, it was his co-starring role as young Marine Danny in 1955's World War II drama ''Battle Cry'', in which he has an affair with an older woman, but ends up marrying the girl next door, that cemented his position as one of Hollywood's top young romantic leads. His other hit films include ''The Burning Hills'' with Natalie Wood, ''That Kind Of Woman'' with Sophia Loren, ''Gunman's Walk'' With Van Heflin and ''The Pleasure Of His Company'' with Debbie Reynolds He went on to star in over forty major films and became a cult star in the 1980's appearing in "Lust in the Dust", "Polyester" and "Grease 2".

In September 1955, the tabloid magazine ''Confidential'' reported Hunter's 1950 arrest for disorderly conduct. The innuendo-laced article, and a second one focusing on Rory Calhoun's prison record, were the result of a deal Henry Willson had brokered with the scandal rag in exchange for not revealing his more prominent client Rock Hudson's sexual orientation to the public. Not only was there no negative effect on Hunter's career, but a few months later he was named Most Promising New Personality in a nationwide poll sponsored by the Council of Motion Picture Organizations. In 1956 he received 62,000 Valentines. Hunter, James Dean and Natalie Wood were the last of the actors placed under exclusive studio contract to Warner Bros.

Hunter had a 1957 hit record with the song "Young Love", which was #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six weeks and became one of the larger hits of the Rock n' Roll era. . ''The Tab Hunter Show'' had moderate ratings (due to being scheduled opposite The Ed Sullivan Show) and was hence cancelled after one season, however it was a huge hit in the UK where it ranked as one of the top situation comedies of the year.

For a short time in the latter 1960s, Hunter settled in the south of France, where he acted in spaghetti westerns. His career was revived in the 1980s, when he starred opposite actor Divine in John Waters' ''Polyester'' (1981) and Paul Bartel's ''Lust in the Dust'' (1985). He is particularly remembered by later audiences as Mr. Stewart, the substitute teacher in ''Grease 2'', who sang "Reproduction." Hunter had a major role in the 1988 horror film ''Cameron's Closet''. He also wrote and starred in ''Dark Horse'' (1992).

A documentary about Tab's life called "Tab Hunter Confidential" is being developed by producers Allan Glaser, Neil Koenigsberg, and Jeffrey Schwarz of Automat Pictures.

In January 2012, Tab Hunter appeared in A. R. Gurney's play ''Love Letters'' at Judson Theatre Company in Pinehurst, North Carolina.

Personal life

Hunter's 2006 autobiography, ''Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star'' became a New York Times best-seller as did the paperback version in 2007. It is still currently in publication and was nominated for several prestigious writing awards. In the book he acknowledged his homosexuality, confirming rumors that had circulated since the height of his fame. According to William L. Hamilton of ''The New York Times'', detailed reports about his alleged romances with very close friends Debbie Reynolds and Natalie Wood were strictly the fodder of studio publicity departments. As Wood and Hunter embarked on a well-publicized and groundless romance, promoting his apparent heterosexuality while promoting their films, insiders developed their own headline for the item: 'Natalie Wood and Tab Wouldn't'.

Hunter did become close enough with Etchika Choureau, his co-star in ''Lafayette Escadrille'', and Joan Cohn, widow of Harry Cohn, to contemplate marriage, but thought he never could maintain a marriage and remained merely platonic friends with both women.

During Hollywood's studio era, Hunter says, life "was difficult for me, because I was living two lives at that time. A private life of my own, which I never discussed, never talked about to anyone. And then my Hollywood life, which was just trying to learn my craft and succeed..." The star emphasizes that the word 'gay' "wasn't even around in those days, and if anyone ever confronted me with it, I'd just kinda freak out. I was in total denial. I was just not comfortable in that Hollywood scene, other than the work process." "There was a lot written about my sexuality, and the press was pretty darn cruel," the actor says, but what "moviegoers wanted to hold in their hearts were the boy-next-door marines, cowboys and swoon-bait sweethearts I portrayed."

Hunter had long-term relationships with actor Anthony Perkins and champion figure skater Ronnie Robertson, before settling down with his partner of 30 years, Allan Glaser.

Hunter has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6320 Hollywood Blvd.

Filmography

''The Lawless'' (1950)

''Island of Desire'' (1952)

''Gun Belt'' (1953)

''The Steel Lady'' (1953)

''Return to Treasure Island'' (1954)

''Track of the Cat'' (1954)

''Battle Cry'' (1955)

''The Sea Chase'' (1955)

''The Burning Hills'' (1956)

''The Girl He Left Behind'' (1956)

''Lafayette Escadrille'' (1958)

''Gunman's Walk'' (1958)

''Damn Yankees'' (1958)

''They Came to Cordura'' (1959)

''That Kind of Woman'' (1959)

''The Pleasure of His Company'' (1961)

''The Golden Arrow'' (1962)

''Operation Bikini'' (1963)

''Man with Two Faces'' (1964)

''Ride the Wild Surf'' (1964)

''War-Gods of the Deep'' (1965)

''The Loved One'' (1965)

''Birds Do It'' (1966)

''The Fickle Finger of Fate'' (1967)

''Hostile Guns'' (1967)

''Vengeance Is My Forgiveness'' (1968)

''The Last Chance'' (1968)

''The Legion of No Return'' (1969)

''The Arousers'' (1970)

''The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean'' (1972)

''Sweet Kill'' (1973)

''Timber Tramps'' (1975)

''Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood'' (1976)

''The Kid From Left Field'' (1979)

''Polyester'' (1981)

''Pandemonium'' (1982)

''Grease 2'' (1982)

''Lust in the Dust'' (1985)

''Grotesque'' (1988)

''Cameron's Closet'' (1989)

''Out of the Dark'' (1989)

''Dark Horse'' (1992)

''Wild Bill'' (1996)

References

External links

Tab Hunter official website

Tab Hunter fansite

2009 Half-Hour TV Interview on The Creative Community

Category:1931 births Category:American film actors Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:American male singers Category:Gay actors Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Jewish descent Category:Living people Category:Actors from New York Category:People from New York City Category:LGBT people from the United States Category:Dot Records artists

de:Tab Hunter fr:Tab Hunter it:Tab Hunter ja:タブ・ハンター no:Tab Hunter pl:Tab Hunter sh:Tab Hunter fi:Tab Hunter sv:Tab Hunter th:แท็บ ฮันเตอร์